Phonological Changes in Korean: Substitution and Assimilation

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Phonological Variations: ① Substitution

Grammatical Concept

(1) *Final Sound Rules: A cluster of sounds that can be pronounced at once (e.g., in ‘꽃이 [꼬치]’, ‘꼬’ and ‘치’ are each one syllable).

When a final consonant other than the representative sounds ‘ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅇ’ appears at the end of a syllable, it changes to one of these seven consonants during pronunciation.

Final Consonant Notation

Representative Sound (Pronunciation)

(Example)

ㄱ, ㅋ, ㄲ

[ㄱ] 가

국 → [국], 키읔 → [키윽], 밖 → [박]

ㄴ

[ㄴ] 느

산 → [산], 손 → [손]

ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅎ

➡

[ㄷ] 다

➡

곧 → [곧], 솥 → [솓], 낮 → [낟], 꽃 → [꼳], 옷 → [옫],

있다 [읻다 → 읻따], 닿는 [닫ː는 → 단ː는]

ㄹ

[ㄹ] 란

물 → [물], 굴 → [굴]

ㅁ

[ㅁ] 물

몸 → [몸], 마음 → [마음]

ㅂ, ㅍ

[ㅂ] 방

삽 → [삽], 잎 → [입], 높다 [놉다 → 놉따]

ㅇ

[ㅇ] 울

강 → [강], 공 → [공]

When the representative sounds [ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅇ] appear as final consonants, there is no phonological change. Memorization Tip! 'A thin drop of water.'

*Linking Phenomenon: Sounds that are connected (e.g., in ‘꽃이 [꼬치]’, the final sound of the first syllable ‘ㅊ’ connects to the first sound of the next syllable).

1. Environments where linking occurs first: When a final consonant is followed by a grammatical morpheme starting with a vowel, the final sound of the preceding word connects to the initial sound of the following word without applying the final sound rules (e.g., 꽃이 [꼬치], 꽃을 [꼬츨]).

For reference, when the complex final consonants ‘ㄳ, ㄄, ㄽ’ are linked to the next syllable, the ‘ㅅ’ is pronounced as a tense sound [ㅆ] (e.g., 넋 + 이 → [넉씨], 값 + 을 → [갑쓸]).

2. Environments where linking occurs later: When a final consonant is followed by a substantive morpheme starting with a vowel, the final sound rules are applied, changing to the representative sound before linking.

Final Consonant

Substantive Morpheme Starting with a Vowel

Change to Representative Sound and Link

꽃

아래

→

꽃 아래 [꼳 아래 → 꼬다래]

흙

위

흙 위 [흑 위 → 흐귀]

Note: The dropping of ‘ㄹ’ from the final consonant ‘ㄺ’ in ‘흙’ is a case of consonant cluster simplification, not substitution.

For example, the pronunciation of ‘맛있다’ and ‘멋있다’ follows the principle of changing the final sound ‘ㅅ’ to the representative sound ‘ㄷ’ when followed by ‘있다’, resulting in [마딛따], [머딛따]. However, in reality, the linking pronunciation [마싣따], [머싣따] is also accepted as standard pronunciation.

Practice Exercise ③

1. Write down the seven representative sounds pronounced at the end of a syllable.

①

ㄱ, ㅋ, ㄲ → Representative Sound [ ]

(Example) 묵 [ ] 밖 [ ] 부엌 [ ] 안팎 [ ]

②

ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅎ → Representative Sound [ ]

(Example) 곧 [ ] 밑 [ ] 빚 [ ] 빛 [ ]

못 [ ] 샀다 [ ] 히읗 [ ]

③

ㅂ, ㅍ → Representative Sound [ ]

(Example) 밥 [ ] 입 [ ] 잎 [ ] 숲 [ ] 무릎 [ ]

④

ㄴ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅇ → Representative Sound [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ]

(Example) 반 [ ] 물 [ ] 섬 [ ] 강 [ ]

2. Indicate whether the following statements are true (○) or false (×).

① ‘꽃 아래’ when read together becomes [꼬차래]. ( )

② ‘맛있다’ can be pronounced as [마싣따]. ( )

③ ‘값을 지불하다’ is read as [가블]. ( )

④ ‘멋있다’ can be pronounced as [머싣따]. ( )

⑤ ‘낮에 보자’ is read as [나데]. ( )

⑥ ‘흙 위’ when read together becomes [흐귀]. ( )

Grammatical Concept

(2) Consonant Assimilation: When different sounds become similar.

When the final consonant of a syllable meets the following consonant, one sound changes to resemble the other, or both sounds change to become similar. This includes nasalization and liquidization.

Practice Exercise ④

1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate sounds and write down the pronunciation of the given words.

(1) ‘ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ’ + ‘ㄴ, ㅁ’ → ‘① ( , , )’ + ‘ㄴ, ㅁ’

② 먹물 [ ], 깎는 [ → ], 낚는다 [ → ], 부엌문 [ → ]

③ 닫는 [ ], 꽃말 [ → ], 겉모양 [ → ], 꽃망울 [ → ]

④ 입는 [ ], 옆문 [ → ], 갚는다 [ → ], 앞마당 [ → ]

(2) ‘ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ’ + ‘ㄹ’ → ‘① ( , , )’ + ‘( )’

② 독립 [ ], 막론 [ ], 백리 [ ]

③ 몇 리 [ → ]

④ 십 리 [ ], 협력 [ ]

(3) ‘ㅁ, ㅇ’ + ‘ㄹ’ → ‘ㅁ, ㅇ’ + ‘① ( )’

② 담력 [ ] ③ 강릉 [ ], 종로 [ ]